computer hardware and software

The word protocol is derived from the Greek word “ protocollon ” which means a leaf of paper glued to manuscript volume. In computer protocols means a set of rules, a communication language or set of standards between two or more computing devices . Protocols exist at the several levels of the OSI (open system interconnectivity) layers model. In the telecommunication system, there are one more protocols at each layer of the telephone exchange. On the internet, there is a suite of the protocols known as TCP/IP protocols that are consisting of transmission control protocol, internet protocol, file transfer protocol, dynamic host configuration protocol, Border gateway protocol and a number of other protocols. In the telecommunication, a protocol is set of rules for data representation, authentication, and error detection . The communication protocols in the computer networking are intended for the secure, fast and error free data delivery between two communication devices. Communication ...

Introduction to voip network , how internet telephony works, how to make internet phone calls, and what actually is voice over internet protocol. VOIP is simply a transmission of the voice traffic over IP networks. VOIP is a family of technologies, in which IP networks are used for the voice applications and traffic e.g IP telephony, voice chat and teleconferencing. VOIP gives solution at almost every layer of the IP network. The Internet Protocol was developed and designed for data communication. The success of the IP network has led to its adaptation to voice networking. Voice over internet protocol is the fast emerging and replacement technology for the voice communication. Many people still want to know that how it works. Voice over internet protocol costs less than your regular phone service and for this reason it’s more attractive to the consumers. VOIP also costs less than a mobile phone’s monthly cost. In the fast communication age, the number of the VOIP providers is increasin...

The most common types of the problems that occurred with a scanner are due to the parallel ports misconfigurations, scanner software bugs, loose cables, hardware conflicts, misconfigurations in the system BIOS , and mechanical defect in the scanner. The common manufacturers of the scanner are Epson, HP, Acer, Canon, Xerox, Trust, Panasonic, Kodak and Microtek,Umax. Following are some tips that will help you out to troubleshoot the basic scanner related problems . Scanner Troubleshooting Techniques Quickest way it to open the device manager and look for any hardware conflicts and see if there are any yellow exclamation signs. If your scanner has locking mechanism then check to make sure that your scanner is unlocked. Ensure that the scanner software is properly installed and all the settings are properly configured. Make sure that the power light on the scanner is turned on. If you notice any software related problems in your scanner then you can uninstall and reinstall the scanner sof...

DMI or DesktopManagement Interface is a layer of abstraction between system components and the software that manages them. The System Management BIOS (SMBIOS) is an extension of the Basic Input Output System (BIOS) that formulates and delivers this information to the operating system. The pool data is the information. In short, when the BIOS is "Verifying DMI pool data" it is verifying the table of data it sends to the operating system (Windows, etc.). If it isn't sucessful, it should return an error. Wait a reasonable period of time for it to finish. It may make take some time or it may be stuck. Possible fixes: 1. If you changed the hardware just before this problem occurred (e.g., installed a new hard disk drive), unchange it. 2. If you installed a new hard disk drive, set the motherboard CMOS Setup to Auto for the drive type. You may have to disconnect the drive first. 3. Enable "Reset Configuration Data" (may be "Force Update ESCD" in some CMOS Se...

Start, right-click a blank spot on the left side of the Start menu, click Properties when it appears, select Start Menu, Customize, Advanced, check the Seach checkbox, Apply, OK.Windows Explorer: right-click a blank spot at the right end of the menu where the icons are, Customize, highlight Search on the left, click Add.

Here you will get the software and hardware network gateway overview and general introduction, basic configurations, software configuration, bandwidth, firewall overview and routing methods. Gateway is a network point that acts as the entrance point to another network. A gateway can be a hardware or software. On the Internet, a node or a stopping point can be a gateway or a host. A router also acts as a gateway. The computers that control and manage traffic and bandwidth within your company’s network or at the ISP are the gateway nodes. In the enterprise network the gateway node acts as a proxy server and a firewall. The gateway is also associated with a router and a switch. A network gateway is an internetworking system that joins two networks together and it can be configured in software, hardware or both. Network gateway can operate at any level of OSI layers model. CONFIGURING THE GATEWAY The gateway has two sides: The WAN side connects to your cable DSL modem and LAN side connect...

When I try to run some applications or (e.g., an old game), an error message box pops up, saying: 16 bit windows subsystem: C:\WINNT\system32\autoexec.nt. The system file is not suitable for running MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows applications. Choose 'Close' to terminate the application. Login as Administrator or with an account with Administrative privileges. You must be in the Windows Safe Mode to login as Administrator in Windows XP Home Edition (press F8 several times just as Windows is about to start and choose Safe Mode fromt he resulting menu). You may need to enable view hidden files and folders in the Windows Explorer, Tools, Folder Options, View. I also disable Hide file extensions... To fix the problem, use the Windows Explorer to copy autoexec.nt from C:\>Windows\repair to C:\>Windows\system32. To prevent it from happening again, right-click the file, Properties, check Read-only.